1) INFECTION CONTROL: Infection control is essential to prevent disease and maintain a safe environment for both clients and technicians. Estheticians should understand and follow the instruction of the federal and the state rules and regulations and understand the chemistry of the cleaning and disinfecting products. In the USA, the federal and state agencies regulate the practice of esthetic, set guidelines for manufacturing, sale and use of equipment and chemical ingredients in the workplace. And regulate licensing enforcement. Federal agencies: Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) This organization regulates and enforces safety standards to protect employees in the workplace. This organization created the “Hazard communication standard” which requires that chemical manufacturers and importers will issue a “Material safety data sheet” (MSDS) This will address issues of handling, mixing, storing and disposing of products. Environmental protection agency (EPA): They register all types of disinfectants sold and used in the USA. Disinfectants and chemicals that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses on the surface (but not spores) means without opening. Hospital disinfectants: They are effective in cleaning blood and body fluids on nonporous means have no pores or openings. Tuberculocidal disinfectants: Tuberculosis is a disease caused by bacteria that are transmitted through coughing or sneezing. Those products are effective and powerful, but they can be harmful to salon equipment and tools. They need special care and special methods of disposal. EPA – Registration number: The EPA registration number, certified that the disinfectant may be used in the manner prescribed by the manufacturer’s label. Using the product, accordingly, will ensure their efficacy. Efficacy means the capacity to achieve the desired results. Laws and rules: Laws are written by both federal and state legislators that determine the scope of the practice. Laws also known as “Statutes” Rules and regulation are written by the regulatory agency of the state board. They are more specific than law. Infection control: Are the methods used to eliminate or reduce the transmission of infectious organisms? Potentially harmful organisms. Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites Infectious disease is caused by Pathogenic organisms that enter the body. The products used to destroy pathogenic organism: Bactericidal – Means, capable of destroying bacteria. Virucidal – Means, capable of destroying viruses Fungicidal – means, capable of destroying fungi. Bacteria: It’s a one celled microorganism that has both plant and animal characteristics. Some bacteria are harmful, and some are harmless. Bacteria can be seen only under the microscope. They can exist almost anywhere, Skin, water, in the air, environmental surfaces, in the body secretion, clothing nails and more. They are many types of bacteria, divided into 2 categories: Pathogenic, means harmful (causing disease) and Nonpathogenic, means harmless (not causing disease). Some of the nonpathogenic bacteria are beneficial to our body. Classifications of pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococci: Are pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters, like branches of grapes. They cause abscess, pustules, and boils, food poisoning and a range of diseases like “methicillin staphylococcus aureus” disease (MRSA). MRSA appears as a skin infection such as pustules, rashes and boils and can be difficult to cure. Streptococci: Are pus-forming bacteria, arranged in curved lines, resembling a string of beads. They cause infection, such as strep throat and blood poisoning. Diplococci: Are spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause disease such as pneumonia. Bacilli: They are the most common bacteria and produce disease, such as Tetanus, Typhoid fever, Tuberculosis and Diphtheria. Spirilla: Are spiral or corkscrew- shaped bacteria. They are subdivided into subgroups – Syphilis, which is a sexual disease and Lyme disease. Movement of bacteria: Different bacteria move in different ways. Cocci: Rarely show active (motility). It means, self-movement. They are transmitted in the air, dust, or within the substance in which they settle. Bacilli and spirilla, are both capable of movement and use slender hairlike extensions, called, “Flagella” for moving. Cilia; Are shorter than flagella. Both, flagella and cilia move cells, but in a different motion. Flagella, move in a snake-like motion. Cilia, move in a rowing like motion. The life cycle of bacteria consists of two phases: The active. Also known as, vegetative. And the inactive. Also known as, “spore forming”. The active stage: The bacteria grow and reproduce. When they reach their largest size, they divide into two new cells. This division is called, “Binary fissions” or “Mitosis”. The 2 new cells are called daughter cells. During the inactive spore-forming stage, certain bacteria coat themselves with wax-like outer shells. These bacteria can withstand long periods of famine, dryness and unstable temperature. In this stage, they stay dormant. But will become active again, under favorable conditions. Bacterial infection is possible only with the presence of pathogenic bacteria. When disease spreads from one person to another person, it’s said to be a “contagious disease” also known as (aka), communicable disease. To avoid contagious disease, it is also important not to perform services if the client’s Skin, scalp, neck, hands or feet show visible signs of abrasion or infection, and to clean properly and disinfect everything that touches the client before reuse. Or throw it away after use. Skin inflammation – Dermatitis: Tissue inflammation aka is a condition in which the body reacts to injury, irritation or inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by redness, heat, pain, and swelling. Pius is a fluid created by inflammation. It contains white blood cells, bacteria and dead cells. Local infection aka “Acute” or short duration. Such as pimple, abscess It’s confined to a particular part of the body and appears as a lesion containing pus.